July 11, 2012 Tags: BUSINESS mathematics, DATA analysis, DATA modeling, FACTORS (Algebra), FINANCE -- Mathematical models, MATHEMATICAL analysis, STOCKS (Finance) -- Rate of return
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Abstract-This study describes the methodology for the development of a validated in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) for metoprolol tartrate modified release dosage forms with distinctive release rate characteristics. Modified release dosage forms were formulated by microencapsulation of metoprolol tartrate into different amounts of ethylcellulose by non-solvent addition technique. Then in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted to develop and validate level A IVIVC for metoprolol tartrate. The values of regression co-efficient (R2-values) for IVIVC of T2 and T3 formulations were not significantly (p<0.05) different from 1 while the values of R2 for IVIVC of T1 and Mepressor® were significantly (p<0.05) different from 1. Internal prediction errors of IVIVC, calculated from observed Area under Curve (AUC) and predicted AUC, were less than 10%. This study successfully presents a valid level A IVIVC for metoprolol tartrate modified dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: DRUG bioavailability, DRUG development, DRUGS -- Controlled release, DRUGS -- Dosage forms, ETHYLCELLULOSE, METOPROLOL, MICROENCAPSULATION, TABLETS (Medicine)
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Energy audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy management. Energy audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and where scope for improvement exists and to retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc. Energy audit can be classified into two types namely preliminary audit and detailed audit. This study deals with mythologies to quantify the energy losses both electrical and thermal energy and provide the help in comprehensive energy auditing to establish the conclusion to arrive the retrofit equipments and also to arrive the optimum conditions particularly the boiler operations. The equipment considered for retrofit to the rotary equipments such as pumps, fans and compressors in the chemical process industries in which energy saving can be achieved are variable speed drives. Variable speed drives operation can be understood from the affinity laws. The example an energy saving in forced draft fan and induced draft fan in a boiler which produces steam for the process are considered and discussed. A quick method of combustion calculations and the theoretical air requirement by graphical method is given. Primary and secondary air blowers supply air required for the good combustion of coal in a balanced draft maintained in the furnace is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: DECISION making, ENERGY auditing, ENERGY conservation -- Equipment & supplies, ENERGY management, PUMPING machinery
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Multivariate copulas are commonly used in economics, finance and risk management. They allow for very flexible dependency structures, even though they are applied to transformed financial data after marginal time dependencies are removed. This is necessary to facilitate statistical parameter estimation. In this paper we consider a very flexible class of mixed C-vines, which allows the variables to be ordered according to their influence. Vines are built from bivariate copulas only and the term ‘mixed’ refers to allowing the pair-copula family to be chosen individually for each term. In addition there are many C-vine structure specifications possible and therefore we propose a novel data driven sequential selection procedure, which selects both the C-vine structure and its attached pair-copula families with parameters. After the model selection maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the parameters is facilitated using the sequential estimates as starting values. An extensive simulation study shows a satisfactory performance of ML estimates in small samples. Finally an application involving US-exchange rates demonstrates the need for mixed C-vine models.
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: ESTIMATION theory, FINANCIAL databases, FOREIGN exchange rates, MAXIMUM likelihood statistics, RISK management in business, SIMULATION methods
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In this article we study the general singular integral operators on the line regarding their convergence to the unit operator with rates in the Lp norm, p ≥ 1. The related established inequalities involve the higher order Lp modulus of smoothness of the engaged function or its higher order derivative. We give particular applications to trigonometic singular integral operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: CONVERGENCE (Mathematics), INEQUALITIES (Mathematics), INTEGRAL operators, OPERATOR theory, SINGULAR integrals, SMOOTHNESS of functions, TRIGONOMETRICAL functions
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This paper outlines the requirements, current state-of-the-art and research plan for several aspects of the fuel capsule fabrication. A fuel manufacturing research and development programme is being planned with a goal of demonstrating the unit processes needed for a prototype laser inertial fusion energy (LIFE) power plant. These research and development efforts will be conducted in collaboration with industrial partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: ELECTRIC power production, ELECTRIC utilities, LASERS -- Industrial applications, NUCLEAR fuels, POWER plants, POWER resources, THERMONUCLEAR fuels
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Here we prove some new type Landau inequalities on Time Scales. Both delta and nabla cases are presented. We give applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: DERIVATIVES (Mathematics), DIFFERENCE equations, INEQUALITIES (Mathematics), INFINITE, MATHEMATICAL analysis, MATHEMATICAL constants, MATHEMATICAL models, PROCESSES
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In the early twentieth century, with the advancement of printing techniques enabling the reproduction of graphics and images, the number of illustrated publications increased rapidly. In addition to its consumer appeal, the printed image and its mass distribution through reviews, newspapers, posters and illustrations in books boosted new types of usage and meaning relating to the image, which in turn established new codes of communication. Due to their eagerness to proselytize, anarchist groups worked themselves up into a publishing frenzy which served as a platform for dialogue between anarchist elites and the proletarian masses, as well as being a vehicle for teaching and indoctrination. The rapid growth of these publications promoted what can be referred to as a ‘review culture’, which gave rise to new strategies for spreading anarchist ideas as well as for recruiting and educating activists. Estudios. Revista Eclctica (1928-37) stands out because of its interest in the sexual education of the proletariat, focusing on spreading scientific knowledge among the workers, peasants, artisans and other groups which made up its vast readership. A large number of science and medical professionals and amateurs developed a veritable manual on the sexual education of the proletariat, which was complemented by the review’s rich visual discourse. This article argues that these images, which were a part of the visual culture of the Spanish and international anarchist world, established a dialogue with the textual discourse of this publication, completing or visually transmitting the concepts relating to sexual education which were expressed in the review. The anxiety to improve the living conditions of the proletariat and the focus on proletarian sexuality was largely caused by the anxiety to reduce the high mortality rate in European nations in the inter-war period. Sexuality and sexual practices were policed through a scientific discourse which, it is argued, was not unburdened by the Catholicism of old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: EDUCATIONAL anthropology, HUMAN sexuality, PROLETARIAT, SKILLED labor
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In laser material processing, understanding the laser interaction and the effect of processing parameters on this interaction is fundamental to any process if the system is to be optimized. Expanding this to different materials or other laser systems with different beam characteristics makes this interaction more complex and difficult to resolve. This work presents an innovative way to understand these interactions in terms of mean surface enthalpy values derived from both material parameters and laser parameters. From these fundamental properties the melt depth for any material can be predicted using a simple theory. By considering the mean enthalpy of the surface, the transition from conduction limited melting to keyholing can also be accurately predicted. The theory is compared to experimental results and the predicted and observed data are shown to correspond well for these experimental results as well as for published results for stainless steel and for a range of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: ENTHALPY, HEAT -- Conduction, LASERS -- Industrial applications, MATERIALS, STAINLESS steel, STEEL alloys, THERMODYNAMICS
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In this paper the characteristics of keyhole and molten pool during laser welding of TC4, a Ti-alloy, have been studied through measuring its images. The study shows that the sizes of keyholes in all processes almost keep constant. This means that there is a quite steady absorption for laser energy in all welding processes of TC4, and this stability almost is not affected by welding parameters. Because of this steady energy input, the steady molten pool would be formed in all quasi-stationary processes, and it is verified by images of molten pool at different time. The results at different heat input clearly show that the area of different temperature rises with the increase of the heat input. The length of molten pool also increases with the heat input. But the heat input has less influence on the width than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Read MoreJuly 11, 2012 Tags: ABSORPTION, LASER welding, STATIONARY processes, STOCHASTIC processes, TEMPERATURE effect, TITANIUM alloys, WELDING
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